Fenian Ram

Fenian Ram at the New York State Marine School some time between 1916 and 1927
History
Name:	Holland Boat No. II
Owner:	Fenian Brotherhood
Builder:	DeLamater Iron Works, New York City
Launched:	1881
Nickname(s):	Fenian Ram
Status:	Museum ship
General characteristics
Type:	Submarine
Displacement:	19 long tons (19 t)
Length:	9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)
Beam:	1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
Height:	1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
Propulsion:	1 × 15 hp (11 kW) Brayton piston engine, single screw
Test depth:	18 m (59 ft)
Complement:	3 (operator, engineer, gunner)
Armament:	1 × 9 in (230 mm) pneumatic gun

Fenian Ram is a submarine designed by John Philip Holland for use by the Fenian Brotherhood, American counterpart to the Irish Republican Brotherhood, against the British. The Ram's construction and launching in 1881 by the Delamater Iron Company in New York was funded by the Fenians' Skirmishing Fund. Officially Holland Boat No. II, the role of the Fenians in its funding led to the New York Sun to name the vessel the Fenian Ram.

Fenian Ram's design was partly modelled on the Whitehead torpedo, and like it had cruciform control fins near the tail. The boat did not simply take on ballast until she sank like other contemporary submarines; she maintained a slightly positive buoyancy, and simply tilted her horizontal planes so that her forward motion forced her under.

Fenian Ram was armed with a nine-inch pneumatic gun some eleven feet long, mounted along the boat's centerline and firing forward out of her bow. It operated like modern submarine torpedo tubes: a watertight bow cap was normally kept shut, allowing the six-foot-long dynamite-filled steel projectiles to be loaded into the tube from the interior of the submarine. The inner door was then shut and the outer door opened by a remote mechanism. Finally, 400 psi (2.8 MPa) air was used to shoot the projectile out of the tube. To reload, the outer door was again shut and the water in the tube was blown into the surrounding ballast tank by more compressed air. It was powered by a 15 hp (11 kW) Brayton piston engine.

During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within the IRB and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883. They took the submarine to New Haven, Connecticut, but discovered that no one knew how to operate it. Holland refused to help. Unable to use or sell the boat, the Brotherhood had the Ram hauled into a shed on the Mill River.