Epinephrine (medication)
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| Trade names | EpiPen, Adrenaclick, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a603002 |
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None |
| Routes of administration |
IV, IM, endotracheal, IC, nasal, eye drop |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | adrenergic synapse (MAO and COMT) |
| Onset of action | Rapid |
| Biological half-life | 2 minutes |
| Duration of action | Few minutes |
| Excretion | Urine |
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| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C9H13NO3 |
| Molar mass | 183.204 g/mol |
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| Density | 1.283±0.06 g/cm3 @ 20 °C, 760 Torr |
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Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline, is a medication and hormone. As a medication it is used to treat a number of conditions, including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding.Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin.
Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm. While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.
Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms.
Jokichi Takamine first isolated epinephrine in 1901. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between US$0.10 and US$0.95 a vial. In the United States the cost of the most commonly used autoinjector for anaphylaxis was about US$600 for two in 2016, while a generic version was about US$140 for two.
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