Energy landscape

In physics, chemistry and biochemistry, an energy landscape is a mapping of all possible conformations of a molecular entity, or the spatial positions of interacting molecules in a system, and their corresponding energy levels, typically Gibbs free energy.

The term is useful when examining protein folding; while a protein can theoretically exist in a nearly infinite number of conformations along its energy landscape, in reality proteins fold (or "relax") into secondary and tertiary structures that possess the lowest possible free energy. The key concept in the energy landscape approach to protein folding is the folding funnel hypothesis.

In catalysis, when designing new catalysts or refining existing ones, energy landscapes are considered to avoid low-energy or high-energy intermediates that could halt the reaction or demand excessive energy to reach the final products.

In glassing models, the local minima of an energy landscape correspond to metastable low temperature states of a thermodynamic system.

Mathematically, an energy landscape is a continuous function ${\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {R} }$ associating each physical state with an energy, where ${\displaystyle X}$ is a topological space.

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