Empress Xiang

Empress Xiang (1047–1102) was a Chinese Empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Shenzong of Song. She acted as co-regent of China during the reign of her son, Emperor Huizong of Song, in 1100.

Empress Xiang was elevated to the rank of Empress to Emperor Shenzong in 1068. She had only one child, a daughter who was born in 1067, and died in 1078. However, as the empress, she was the legal mother of the emperors heir and successor, the future Emperor Zhezong of Song, born to Consort Zhu. She was also the legal mother of the future Emperor Huizong of Song, son of Consort Chen (d. 1085).

In 1085, her stepson and adoptive son, Emperor Zhezong of Song, succeeded to the throne, until 1093 under the regency of her mother-in-law, Empress Dowager Gao. During the reign of Emperor Zhezong, Empress Xiang was ceremoniously honored as the legal mother of the Emperor. Reportedly, she had a long dislike toward the biological mother of the Emperor, Consort Dowager Zhu (1051-1102).

She had a good relationship with her first daughter-in-law, Empress Meng, whom she considered educated in both literature and wifely manners, and she disapproved when Emperor Zhezong deposed Meng from the position of Empress after a witch trial in 1096. She later claimed, that the edict deposing the empress, which had been issued in her name as empress dowager, had been forgd and that she had not even seen it.

In 1099, she and Consort Dowager Zhu selected the brides and concubines of the emperors brothers, prince Bi and prince Huizong. In 27 December 1100, Consort Liu was elevated to the position of empress, which was not approved by Xiang.

When the Emperor died in 1100, the succession was not clear, and Empress Xiang called upon the officials of state, and selected the next heir to the throne.

When her younger adoptive son, Emperor Huizong of Song, succeeded his brother on the throne at the age of seventeen in 1100, he expressed a wish to the Council of State that his mother was to act as his regent. Because he was seventeen years old and therefore no longer regarded as a minor, his wish caused some debate among the ministers as to how this could be arranged, and to find a precedence case to legitimatize it. On two occasions, and Empress Dowager had ruled during the minority of an Emperor: in the case of Emperor Renzong of Song, and in the case of Emperor Zhezong of Song, during which the child Emperor and Empress Dowager regent both sat together behind a screen in the audience chamber when the Council of State spoke to them, and the birthday of the Empress Dowager was ritually celebrated as that of the ruler and she was declared as such to the Liao state by diplomats. A different precedence was that of Emperor Yingzong of Song, who had not been a minor, but were the Empress Dowager Cao had been regent during his illness, during which the Council of State had formally called first at the Emperor, but then visited the audience hall of the Empress Dowager, repeated their subject and then adjusted to her words: in that case, the Empress Dowager regent had not been ritually treated as the ruler, and the measure was treated as temporary.Zeng Bu of the Council of State concluded that the latter arrangements were more appropriate in the case of the co-regency of Empress Xiang: he informed the Emperor, and they continued to inform Empress Xiang. She assured the Council that she had not been behind the wish to co-rule with her son, and that she accepted to be regent on the same terms as the Empress Cao. It was decided, that she would not appear in the Imperial audience chamber, nor would she be ritually celebrated as a ruler or referred to as such in the diplomatic reports; but that the Council of State would visit her in the Inner Eastern Gate every time they had visited the Emperor, and give her the same report of the affairs of state.

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