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Emperor Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia photo.jpg
Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias
Reign 2 March 1855 – 13 March 1881
Coronation 7 September 1855
Predecessor Nicholas I
Successor Alexander III
Born (1818-04-29)29 April 1818
Moscow Kremlin, Moscow, Russian Empire
Died 13 March 1881(1881-03-13) (aged 62)
Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Burial Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Consort Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
Princess Catherine Dolgoroky (morganatic)
Issue
among others...
Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna
Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich
Alexander III of Russia
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
Maria, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
Full name
Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov
House Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Father Nicholas I of Russia
Mother Alexandra Feodorovna
Religion Russian Orthodox
Signature Alexander II's signature
Full name
Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov
Styles of
Alexander II of Russia
Coat of Arms of Russian Empire
Reference style His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style Sir

Alexander II (Russian: Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, tr. Aleksandr II Nikolaevich; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ]; 29 April [O.S. 17 April] 1818 in Moscow – 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 in Saint Petersburg) was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland.

Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель, tr. Aleksandr Osvoboditel; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ]). The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education.

In foreign policy, Alexander sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, fearing the remote colony would fall into British hands if there were another war. He sought peace, moved away from bellicose France when Napoleon III fell in 1871, and in 1872 joined with Germany and Austria in the League of the Three Emperors that stabilized the European situation. Despite his otherwise pacifist foreign policy, he fought a brief war with Turkey in 1877–78, pursued further expansion into Siberia and the Caucasus, and conquered Turkestan. Although disappointed by the results of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Alexander abided by that agreement. Among his greatest domestic challenges was an uprising in Poland in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia. Alexander was proposing additional parliamentary reforms to counter the rise of nascent revolutionary and anarchistic movements when he was assassinated in 1881.


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