Eastern New England English, historically known as the Yankee dialect since at least the nineteenth century, is the traditional regional dialect of Maine, New Hampshire, and the eastern half of Massachusetts. Features of this variety once spanned an even larger dialect area of New England, for example, including the eastern half of Vermont as recently as the mid-twentieth century. Some studies include Rhode Island in the Eastern New England dialect region.
Eastern New England English (here, including Rhode Island English) is historically associated with sound patterns such as non-rhoticity (or r-dropping after a vowel); both variants of Canadian raising, including a fairly back starting position of the /aʊ/ vowel (as in loud); and some or total resistance to the mary–marry–merry merger. Many traditional aspects of Eastern New England speech are receding rapidly, largely due to many younger Eastern New Englanders avoiding them, especially non-rhoticity, which they perceive as old-fashioned, rural-sounding, or negatively associated with Boston.
The sound system of traditional Eastern New England English includes:
The terms "frappe" to mean "thick milkshake"; "bubbler" (also found in Wisconsin) to mean "water fountain"; and "tonic" to mean "sweet carbonated soft drink" (called "soda" elsewhere in New England), are largely unique to northeastern (and, to a lesser extent, southeastern) New England English vocabulary. Using "jimmies" to mean "(chocolate) sprinkles" is primarily a phenomenon of the Boston area. In addition to the widespread term "wicked," the word "pisser," often phonetically spelled "pissa(h)," is another Northeastern New England intensifier (plus sometimes an uncountable noun) for something that is very highly regarded by the speaker.