Drell–Yan process

The Drell–Yan process occurs in high energy hadron–hadron scattering. It takes place when a quark of one hadron and an antiquark of another hadron annihilate, creating a virtual photon or Z boson which then decays into a pair of oppositely-charged leptons. This process was first suggested by Sidney Drell and Tung-Mow Yan in 1970 to describe the production of lepton–antilepton pairs in high-energy hadron collisions. Experimentally, this process was first observed by J.H. Christenson et al. in proton–uranium collisions at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron.

The Drell–Yan process is studied both in fixed-target and collider experiments. It provides valuable information about the parton distribution functions (PDFs) which describe the way the momentum of an incoming high-energy nucleon is partitioned among its constituent partons. These PDFs are basic ingredients for calculating essentially all processes at hadron colliders. Although PDFs should be derivable in principle, current ignorance of some aspects of the strong force prevents this. Instead, the forms of the PDFs are deduced from experimental data.

One recent measurement using Drell-Yan scattering probed the flavor asymmetry of the proton. It had been naively believed that the quark sea in the proton was formed by quantum chromodynamics (QCD) processes that did not discriminate between up and down quarks. To leading order in the strong interaction coupling constant, α_s, the ratio of the Drell-Yan cross section from a proton beam on a deuterium target to a proton beam on a proton target is given by

${\displaystyle {\frac {\sigma ^{pd}}{2\sigma ^{pp}}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[1+{\frac {{\bar {d}}(x)}{{\bar {u}}(x)}}\right]}$

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