Doctorat de spécialité

A doctorate (from Latin docere, "to teach") or doctor's degree (from Latin doctor, "teacher") or doctoral degree (from the ancient formalism licentia docendi) is an academic degree awarded by universities that is, in most countries, a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at the university level in the degree's field, or to work in a specific profession. There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines.

In the United States and some other countries, there are also some types of vocational, technical, or professional degrees that are referred to as doctorates in their home countries, though they are not technically doctoral level as they are not research degrees and no defense of any dissertation or thesis is performed. These include the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Juris Doctor (JD), Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO), Doctor of Chiropractic (DC), Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.), Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.). Internationally, however, the use of doctor to refer to these degrees is not universally accepted. Many universities also award honorary doctorates to individuals who have been deemed worthy of special recognition, either for scholarly work or for other contributions to the university or to society.

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