DES-X

In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute force attack using a technique called key whitening.

The original DES algorithm was specified in 1976 with a 56-bit key size: 2⁵⁶ possibilities for the key. There was criticism that an exhaustive search might be within the capabilities of large governments, particularly the United States' National Security Agency (NSA). One scheme to increase the key size of DES without substantially altering the algorithm was DES-X, proposed by Ron Rivest in May 1984.

The algorithm has been included in RSA Security's BSAFE cryptographic library since the late 1980s.

DES-X augments DES by XORing an extra 64 bits of key (K₁) to the plaintext before applying DES, and then XORing another 64 bits of key (K₂) after the encryption:

${\displaystyle {\mbox{DES-X}}(M)=K_{2}\oplus {\mbox{DES}}_{K}(M\oplus K_{1})}$

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