Cosmology in medieval Islam

Islamic cosmology is the cosmology of Islamic societies. It is mainly derived from the Qur'an, Hadith, Sunnah, and current Islamic as well as other pre-Islamic sources. The Qur'an itself mentions seven heavens and a vast universe sustained by Allah.

Islamic thought categorizes the entire cosmos into two domains: the Unseen Universe (Arabic عالم الغيب, Aalam-ul-Ghaib), which is imperceptible to mankind in general, has properties unknown to us, and includes Allah, angels, Paradise, Hell, seven heavens, and Al-Arsh (the Divine Throne)[1]; and the Observable Universe (Arabic عالم الشهود, Alam-ul-Shahood), perceptible through the five senses (possibly enhanced by means of instruments). The Qur'an says: "Allah is He, Who is the only God, the knower of the Unseen and the Observed."

Sufi cosmology (Arabic: الكوزمولوجية الصوفية‎‎) is a general term for cosmological doctrines associated with the mysticism of Sufism. These may differ from place to place, order to order and time to time, but overall show the influence of several different cosmographies:

There are several verses in the Qur'an (610-632) which some medieval and modern writers have interpreted as foreshadowing modern cosmological theories. An early example of this can be seen in the work of the Islamic theologian Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib.

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