Constipation

Constipation
Synonyms	costiveness, dyschezia
Constipation in a young child seen on X-ray. Circles represent areas of fecal matter (stool is white surrounded by black bowel gas).
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Gastroenterology
ICD-10	K59.0
ICD-9-CM	564.0
DiseasesDB	3080
MedlinePlus	003125
eMedicine	med/2833
MeSH	D003248
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Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. The stool is often hard and dry. Complications from constipation may include hemorrhoids, anal fissure or fecal impaction. The normal frequency of bowel movements is between three per day and three per week.

Constipation has many causes. Common causes include slow movement of stool within the colon, irritable bowel syndrome, and pelvic disorders. Underlying associated diseases include hypothyroidism, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, colon cancer, diverticulitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Medications associated with constipation include opioids, certain antacids, calcium channel blockers, and anticholinergics. Of those taking opioids about 90% develop constipation. Constipation is more concerning when there is weight loss or anemia, , there is a history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer in a person's family, or it is of new onset in someone who is older.

Treatment of constipation depends on the underlying cause and the duration that it has been present. Measures that may help include drinking enough fluids, eating more fiber, and exercise. If this is not effective laxatives of the bulk forming agent, osmotic agent, stool softener, or lubricant type may be recommended. Stimulant laxatives are generally reserved for when other types are not effective. Other treatments may include biofeedback or surgery.

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