Clostridium tertium
| Clostridium tertium | |
|---|---|
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| Magnified 956X, this Gram-stained photomicrograph depicted numbers of the Gram-positive Clostridium tertium bacteria, which had been cultivated on a blood agar plate (BAP), over a time period of 48 hours. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Division: | Firmicutes |
| Class: | Clostridia |
| Family: | Clostridiaceae |
| Genus: | Clostridium |
| Species: | Cl. tertium |
| Binomial name | |
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Clostridium tertium (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923 |
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Clostridium tertium is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. Although it can be considered an uncommon pathogen in humans, there has been substantial evidence of septic episodes in human beings. C. tertium is easily decolorized in Gram-stained smears and can be mistaken for a Gram-negative organism. However, C. tertium does not grow on selective media for Gram-negative organisms.
C. tertium was initially isolated from war wounds by Captain Herbert Henry (RAMC) in 1917, but it was not until the first human cases of C. tertium bacteremia were reported in 1963 that it was recognized as a human pathogen.C. tertium has been isolated in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients, and in cases of necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene. It has also been recognized as a causative agent of enteritis in cattle, but it is an uncommon human pathogen.C. tertium has also been isolated from soil and from faeces of healthy neonates and infants.
Clostridium tertium is a Gram-positive, spore forming, anaerobic bacillus found in the soil and the gut of many animal species, including humans.C. tertium distinguishes itself from other clostridia as a non-toxin producing, aerotolerant, non-histotoxic and non-lipolytic species. Aerotolerance is a term applied to describe strains of anaerobic bacteria that can tolerate oxygen and exhibit growth to some extent in the presence of oxygen. The aerotolerance of C. tertium can lead to its misidentification as Bacillus spp. or Lactobacillus spp. A negative catalase test is an easy tool to differentiate C. tertium from Bacillus spp., which are catalase positive. Also, C. tertium only forms spores anaerobically, as opposed to Bacillus spp., which sporulates aerobically. Other distinct characteristics are its large size (1.5 x 10 micrometers)and its unusual "square" morphology on Gram stained smear.
Clostridium tertium has traditionally been considered nonpathogenic, but increasingly it is being reported as a human pathogen. The organism has been associated with bacteremia, meningitis, septic arthritis, enterocolitis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, post-traumatic brain abscess, and pneumonia. It has also been increasingly recognized as an important cause of sepsis in immunocompromised patients.C. tertium has also been implicated with osteomyelitis, and miscellaneous soft tissue infections in humans.
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