Close studding

Close studding is a form of timber work used in timber-framed buildings in which vertical timbers (studs) are set close together, dividing the wall into narrow panels. Rather than being a structural feature, the primary aim of close studding is to produce an impressive front.

Close studding first appeared in England in the 13th century and was commonly used there from the mid-15th century until the end of the 17th century. It was also common in France from the 15th century.

Although close studding is defined by the distance between the vertical timbers, the spacing used is variable, up to a maximum of around 2 feet (600 mm). Studs can either span the full height of the storey or be divided by a middle (or intermediate) rail. To give the frame stability, some form of diagonal bracing is required.Limewash and coloured paints would have been used to enhance the pattern.

The use of close studding possibly originated in East Anglia, where the technique was employed in the earliest surviving timber walls thought to date from the early 13th century. Among the earliest examples outside East Anglia are St Michael's Church, Baddiley in Cheshire (1308) and Mancetter Manor in Warwickshire (c. 1330). It became fashionable in England around 1400, and by the middle of the 15th century close studding was widely used across that country. Its popularity coincided with the dominance of the Perpendicular style of architecture, with its emphasis on verticals. Close studding remained in common use in England until the end of the 17th century. Close-studded buildings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries are also seen in France, and some experts believe the technique might have originated there. Close studding is very common in the Normandy region of France, many images are .

Compared with square framing, close studding uses a lot of timber and is time consuming to construct; it was therefore particularly employed for buildings of relatively high status. Public buildings such as guildhalls, market halls, churches and inns often employed close studding. It was also used for private houses of the wealthy, particularly townhouses but also the more prosperous farmhouses. Close studding was not usually employed in outbuildings, although occasional examples exist, such as the Gunthwaite Hall barn in Barnsley. Although most examples occur in entirely timber-framed buildings, close studding was also used on the upper storeys of houses with a stone or brick ground storey; examples include the Dragon Hall in Norwich and the Café 'Cave St-Vincent' in Compiègne, France.

...
Wikipedia