Clavibacter michiganensis
| Clavibacter michiganensis | |
|---|---|
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| Symptoms of Clavibacter michiganensis on tomato | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinobacteria |
| Order: | Actinomycetales |
| Suborder: | Micrococcineae |
| Family: | Microbacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Clavibacter |
| Binomial name | |
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Clavibacter michiganensis corrig. (Smith 1910) Davis et al. 1984 |
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| Subspecies | |
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C. m. subsp. insidiosus |
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| Synonyms | |
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Bacterium michiganense Smith 1910 |
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C. m. subsp. insidiosus
C. m. subsp. michiganensis
C. m. subsp. nebraskensis
C. m. subsp. sepedonicus
C. m. subsp. tessellarius
Bacterium michiganense Smith 1910
Pseudomonas michiganensis (Smith 1910) Stevens 1913
Aplanobacter michiganense (sic) (Smith 1910) Smith 1914
Phytomonas michiganensis (Smith 1910) Bergey et al. 1923
Mycobacterium flavum subsp. michiganense (Smith 1910) Krasil’nikov 1941
Corynebacterium michiganense (Smith 1910) Jensen 1934
Clavibacter michiganensis is an aerobic non-sporulating Gram-positive plant pathogenic actinomycete that currently constitutes the only species within the genus Clavibacter. The other former Clavibacter species have been reclassified to genera Leifsonia, Rathayibacter and Curtobacterium. Clavibacter michiganensis currently has five subspecies; all are available from the NCPPB for legitimate researchers: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tesselarius. Clavibacter michiganesis subsp. michiganensis and Clavibacter michiganesis subsp. sepedonicus are the main diseases that cause substantial economic losses worldwide by damaging tomatoes and potatoes.
Clavibacter is an unusual genus of phytopathogenic bacteria in that it is gram-positive and does not have a type 3 secretion system. All Clavibacter species and subspecies have a type B2γ cell wall crosslinked at a diaminobutyrate residue. Clavibacter is an aerobic bacterium with a coryneform morphology. There is no mycelium and no spores are produced.
Clavibacter michiganensis infects the primary host in one of three ways: wounds, hydathodes, or by contaminated seed. If the bacteria reach a suitable quorum, the result is a systemic vascular infection. In the first stages of invasion, Clavibacter michiganensis resides as a biotrophic pathogen in the xylem vessels.
Clavibacter has a complex history of taxonomical names. There is only one recognized species within the genus Clavibacter. There are now five recognized subspecies, or strains, within the michiganensis species. Recently, some strains have been reclassified into other genera. This complex history stems from the difficulty in characterizing bacteria. Unlike fungi, the morpholology of bacteria is not very sufficient for taxonomical purposes. To this end, strains of a phytopathogenic bacteria, called pathovars, are distinguished by cultural (selective media), physiological, biochemical (e.g. secreted enzymes the chemical responses of the plant), or pathological characteristics (including the range of susceptible hosts).
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