Chlorpyrifos-methyl
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IUPAC name
O,O-Diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate
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| Other names
Brodan, Bolton insecticide, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cobalt, Detmol UA, Dowco 179, Dursban, Empire, Eradex, Hatchet, Lorsban, Nufos, Paqeant, Piridane, Scout, Stipend, Tricel, Warhawk, others
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.018.969 |
| KEGG | |
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C9H11Cl3NO3PS | |
| Molar mass | 350.57 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless crystals |
| Odor | Mercaptan-like |
| Density | 1.398 g/cm3 (43.5 °C) |
| Melting point | 43 °C (109 °F; 316 K) |
| Boiling point | 160 °C; 320 °F; 433 K (decomposes) |
| 2 mg/L | |
| log P | 4.96 (octanol/water) |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | combustible, reacts strongly with amines, strong acids, caustics |
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |
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PEL (Permissible)
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none |
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 0.2 mg/m3 ST 0.6 mg/m3 [skin] |
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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N.D. |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is   ?) |
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| Infobox references | |
Chlorpyrifos, sold under many brandnames, is an organophosphate pesticide used to kill a number of pests including insects and worms. It is used on crops, animals, and buildings. It was introduced in 1965 by Dow Chemical Company. It acts on the nervous system of insects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Toxicity results in more than 10,000 human deaths a year.
Chlorpyrifos is considered moderately hazardous to humans by the World Health Organization. Exposure surpassing recommended levels has been linked to neurological effects, persistent developmental disorders and autoimmune disorders. Exposure during pregnancy may harm the mental development of children, and most home use was banned in 2001 in the U.S. In agriculture, it is "one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides" in the United States, and before being phased out for residential use was one of the most used residential insecticides. On March 29, 2017, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt denied a petition to ban chlorpyrifos.
Chlorpyrifos is used around the world to control insects in agricultural, residential and commercial settings. Its use in residential applications is restricted in multiple countries. According to Dow, chlorpyrifos is registered for use in nearly 100 countries and is annually applied to approximately 8.5 million crop acres. The crops with the most use are cotton, corn, almonds and fruit trees including oranges, bananas and apples.
Chlorpyrifos was first registered for use in the United States in 1965 for control of foliage and soil-born insects. The chemical became widely used in residential settings, on golf course turf, as a structural termite control agent, and in agricultural use. Most residential use has been phased out in the United States; however it remains a common agricultural insecticide.
EPA estimated that between 1987 and 1998 about 21 million pounds of chlorpyrifos were annually used in the US. In 2007, chlorpyrifos was the most commonly used organophosphate pesticide in the United States, with an estimated 8 to 11 million pounds applied, and the 14th most common agricultural pesticide ingredient overall in 2007 in the United States.
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