Castor angle

The caster angle or castor angle is the angular displacement of the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered wheel in a car, motorcycle, bicycle or other vehicle, measured in the longitudinal direction. It is the angle between the pivot line (in a car an imaginary line that runs through the centre of the upper ball joint to the centre of the lower ball joint) and vertical. Car racers sometimes adjust caster angle to optimise their car's handling characteristics in particular driving situations.

In the context of bicycles and motorcycles, caster is more commonly referred to as "head angle", "rake angle" or "rake and trail", especially in American English. English still predominantly uses the term caster or castor angle.

Some bicycle constructors refer to the angle subtended by the mechanical trail at the wheel centre as the caster .

When a vehicle's front suspension is aligned, caster is adjusted to achieve a self-centring action in the steering, which affects the vehicle's straight-line stability. Improper caster settings will require the driver to move the steering wheel both into and out of each turn, making it difficult to maintain a straight line.

The pivot points of the steering are angled such that a line drawn through them intersects the road surface slightly ahead of the contact patch of the tyre on the pavement. The purpose of this is to provide a degree of self-centring for the steering — the wheel casters around in order to trail behind the axis of steering. This makes a car easier to drive and improves its directional stability (reducing its tendency to wander). Excessive caster angle will make the steering heavier and less responsive, although in racing large caster angles are used for improving camber gain in cornering. Caster angles over 7 degrees with radial tyres are common. Power steering is usually necessary to overcome the jacking effect from the high caster angle.

The steering axis (the red dotted line in the diagram above) does not have to pass through the centre of the wheel, so the caster can be set independently of the mechanical trail, which is the distance between where the steering axis hits the ground, in side view, and the point directly below the axle. The interaction between caster angle and trail is complex, but roughly speaking they both aid steering, caster tends to add damping, while trail adds 'feel', and returnability. In the extreme case, such as the caster wheel on a shopping trolley, the system is undamped but stable, as the wheel oscillates around the 'correct' path. The shopping trolley/cart setup has a great deal of trail, but (somewhat confusingly) no caster. Complicating this still further is that the forces at the tyre do not act at the centre of the contact patch, but at a distance behind the nominal contact patch. This distance is called the pneumatic trail and varies with speed, load, steer angle, surface, tyre type, tyre pressure and time. A good starting point for this is 30 mm behind the nominal contact patch.

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