Carroll Izard

Carroll Ellis Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017) was an American research psychologist known for his contributions to differential emotions theory (DET), and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX). Differential Emotions Theory maintains that universally recognizable innate, basic emotions emerge within the first 2 to 7 months of post-natal life "without facial movement precursors", and argues for congruence of emotional expression and subjective experience. Izard also undertook empirical studies into the facial feedback hypothesis according to which emotions which have different functions also cause facial expressions which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling. In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure – the Differential Emotions Scale – currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV) that purports to measure 12 fundamental emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants

Izard earned his PhD from Syracuse University in 1952 and served initially as a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University, where he carried out pioneering research into human emotions. In 1976, he joined the Department of Psychology at the University of Delaware where he remained active as Unidel Professor of Psychology in the McKinly Laboratory until his retirement in 2014. A festschrift was held at the University of Delaware on 22 October 2012 to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development. The festschrift was attended by his former students and colleagues from all over the world (with one of his former doctoral advisees Gregory John Boyle travelling from as far away as Australia). His long-time eminent colleague Marvin Zuckerman from the Department of Psychology, University of Delaware also was in attendance. The keynote address was delivered by Dante Cicchetti from the University of Minnesota.

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