Carnosine

Carnosine
Names

IUPAC name (2S)-2-[(3-Amino-1-oxopropyl)amino]-3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
Other names β-Alanyl-L-histidine
Identifiers
CAS Number	305-84-0^Y
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:57485^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL242948^Y
ChemSpider	388363^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.610
IUPHAR/BPS	4559
KEGG	C00386^Y
PubChem	439224
UNII	8HO6PVN24W^Y
InChI InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1^Y Key: CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N^Y InChI=1/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1 Key: CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHBX
SMILES O=C(O)C(NC(=O)CCN)Cc1c[nH]cn1 c1c(nc[nH]1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCN
Properties
Chemical formula	C₉H₁₄N₄O₃
Molar mass	226.24 g·mol⁻¹
Appearance	Crystalline solid
Melting point	253 °C (487 °F; 526 K) (decomposition)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y (what is ^YN ?)
Infobox references

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues.

Carnosine and carnitine were discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. Researchers in Britain, South Korea, Russia and other countries have shown that carnosine has a number of antioxidant properties that may be beneficial. Carnosine has been proven to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of cell membrane fatty acids during oxidative stress. Carnosine is also a zwitterion, a neutral molecule with a positive and negative end.

Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning flesh, alluding to its prevalence in animal protein. A vegetarian (especially vegan) diet provides less carnosine, compared to levels found in a more typical diet including meat.

Carnosine can chelate divalent metal ions.

Carnosine can increase the Hayflick limit in human fibroblasts, as well as appearing to reduce the telomere shortening rate. Carnosine is also considered as a geroprotector.

Carnosine acts as an antiglycating agent, reducing the rate of formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) (substances that can be a factor in the development or worsening of many degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic renal failure, and Alzheimer's disease), and ultimately reducing development of atherosclerotic plaque build-up. Chronic glycolysis is speculated to accelerate aging, making carnosine a candidate for therapeutic potential.

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Wikipedia