Capnocytophaga
| Capnocytophaga | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidetes |
| Class: | Flavobacteria |
| Order: | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Family: | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Genus: |
Capnocytophaga Brenner et al., 1990 |
| Species | |
|
C. canimorsus |
|
C. canimorsus
C. cynodegmi
C. gingivalis
C. granulosa
C. haemolytica
C. leadbetteri
C. ochracea
C. sputigena
Capnocytophaga is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Normally found in the oropharyngeal tract of mammals, they are involved in the pathogenesis of some animal bite wounds as well as periodontal diseases.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus transmission following a dog bite can cause overwhelming sepsis in asplenic patients, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Empiric treatment for these bacteria following a dog bite, consisting of a third-generation cephalosporin early in the infection, should be instituted in these patient populations, or following deep bites or dog bites to the hand.
The term Capnocytophaga comes from "Capno" for its dependence on CO2 and "cytophaga" for its flexibility and mobility shift (" gliding motility "). It belongs to the family of Flavobacteriaceae, order of Flavobacteriales, class of Flavobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes and domain Bacteria. This gender includes 8 different species: Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Capnocytophaga granulosa, Capnocytophaga haemolytica, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Capnocytophaga leadbetteri (isolated oral cavity of humans) and Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi (isolated from the oral cavity of animals). Many strains (AHN) have also been described whose classification remains uncertain. Bacteriological isolation and identification Capnocytophaga are fusiform Gram negative bacilli, and are part of the oral commensal flora. Microscopic observation revealed a high degree of polymorphism, with a variation in the size and appearance depending on the strain and culture conditions. This polymorphism is also reflected in the observation of colonies (orange pigmented colonies, spreading on agar ... ) . Capnocytophaga are capnophilic bacteria, they can live only in environments where the concentration of carbon dioxide is greater than that of the atmosphere (at least 5% CO2). They can also grow anaerobically. They require enriched media, type blood agar, incubated at 37 °C. The isolation of strains of Capnocytophaga from polymicrobial samples is also possible on selective media containing antibiotics (Ehrmann et al. 2013). The identification is carried out through various biochemical tests, used for the identification of Gram negative bacterial species, and rapid determination of enzymatic reactions. The diagnosis is delayed because of the slow and difficult growth of Capnocytophaga (48 to 72 hours). The molecular techniques (16S rDNA PCR and sequencing), and mass spectrometry appear as attractive methods for reliable identification to the genus. The identification at the species level remains difficult when a single method is used.
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