Brazil competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's nineteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, excluding the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The Brazilian Olympic Committee (Portuguese: Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro, COB) sent the nation's largest ever delegation in history to the Games. A total of 243 athletes, 124 men and 119 women, competed in 24 sports.

Brazil left Athens with a total of 10 medals (5 golds, 2 silver, and 3 bronze), the lowest in Summer Olympics since 1992. Although the nation's final medal count could not surpass its previous records set in Atlanta (15 medals) and Sydney (12 medals), Brazil produced a record of 5 golds at these edition, a performance only surpassed 12 years later in Rio de Janeiro, when Brazil was the host country and won 7 gold medals. Three of these medals in Athens were awarded to the team in beach and indoor volleyball, and two each in judo and sailing. Brazil's team-based athletes proved particularly successful in Athens, as the men's indoor volleyball team (led by Giba) and the women's football team (led by Formiga) won gold and silver medals, respectively.

Among the nation's medalists were beach volleyball tandem Ricardo Santos and Emanuel Rego, Laser sailor Robert Scheidt, and judoka Leandro Guilheiro and Flávio Canto. Star sailor Torben Grael, who shared his gold medal with partner Marcelo Ferreira, became one of the most successful Brazilian athletes in Olympic history with a total of five medals. Meanwhile, marathon runner and Olympic bronze medalist Vanderlei de Lima added a prestigious Pierre de Coubertin Medal to his achievements for sportsmanship, after he was immediately attacked by Irish protester Cornelius Horan, who pushed him on the side of the road four miles from the finish.

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