Black spot (roses)
| Diplocarpon rosae | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Dermateaceae |
| Genus: | Diplocarpon |
| Species: | D. rosae |
| Binomial name | |
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Diplocarpon rosae F.A.Wolf (1912) |
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Diplocarpon rosae is a fungus that creates the rose black spot disease. Because it was observed by people of various countries around the same time (around 1830), the nomenclature for the fungus varied with about 25 different names. The asexual stage is now known to be Marssonina rosae, while the sexual and most common stage is known as Diplocarpon rosae.
Diplocarpon rosae over seasons as mycelia, ascospores, and conidia in infected leaves and canes. In the spring during moist, humid conditions, ascospores and conidia are wind-borne and rain-splashed to newly emerging leaf tissue. Upon infection, disease progresses from the lowest leaves upward, causing defoliation and black spots on leaves.
The black spots are circular with a perforated edge, and reach a diameter of 14 mm. Badly affected plants, however, will not show the circular patterning, as they combine to cause a large, black mass. The common treatment of the disease is to remove the affected leaves and spray with antifungal solutions. Some stems of the roses may become affected if untreated, and will cause progressive weakening of the rose.
Diplocarpon rosae tends to overwinter in both lesions of infected canes and fallen foliage. Conidia are produced in the diseased stem tissues and dispersed via water—most commonly by rain or wind—into the openings of leaves in the spring season. The conidia then produce germ tubes (and sometimes appressoria) to penetrate the tissues of the leaves. Mycelia develop on the underside of the leaf cuticle and lesions appear. As these lesions appear, acervuli continuously produce conidia asexually as long as the climate remains optimally wet and warm. These conidia can then be dispersed to new uninfected leaves as a source of secondary inoculum, adding more cycles of infection. Once defoliation occurs in the fall season, the hyphae of the Diplocarpon rosae invade the dead leaf tissue and form pycnidia lined with conidiophores under the old acervuli. The pycnidia then overwinter in the lesions of infected tissue and burst in the spring, releasing conidia to be dispersed by water and effectively completing the disease cycle. Diplocarpon rosae also has a sexual stage, although this is rarely observed in North America due to unfavorable environmental conditions. In this stage, the sexual spores (ascospores) are formed in the apothecium. If the weather conditions are favorable for the formation of ascocarps, the apothecia that contain asci can be observed in the spring. However, this rarely occurs, and the fruiting bodies are typically filled with conidia that enable the asexual life cycle of the pathogen to occur.
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Wikipedia