Berneray, Barra, Scotland

Barra Head

Gaelic name	Beàrnaraigh
Norse name	Bjarnaray
Meaning of name	Old Norse for "Bjørn's island"
Location
Barra Head Barra Head shown within the Outer Hebrides
OS grid reference	NL553799
Coordinates	56°48′N 7°39′W / 56.8°N 7.65°W / 56.8; -7.65
Physical geography
Island group	Uist and Barra
Area	204 hectares (0.79 sq mi)
Area rank	107
Highest elevation	Sotan 193 metres (633 ft)
Administration
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	Scotland
Council area	Outer Hebrides
Demographics
Population	0
References

Barra Head, also known as Berneray (Scottish Gaelic: Beàrnaraigh), is the southernmost of the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. Within the Outer Hebrides, it forms part of the Barra Isles archipelago. Originally, Barra Head only referred to the southernmost headland of Berneray but is now a common name for the entire island. The highest point of the island is Sotan, a Marilyn.

There are numerous prehistoric structures on the island and permanent occupation by 20–50 individuals occurred throughout the historic period, peaking in the 19th century. The economy of the residents was based on agriculture, fishing and fowling. The cliffs provide nesting sites for seabirds in such profusion that Berneray has been designated as a Special Protection Area.

The Barra Head Lighthouse, built by Robert Stevenson, has operated since 1833. From 1931 to 1980 Barra Head was inhabited only by the lighthouse keepers and their wives but the lighthouse is now automated and the island completely uninhabited. The rough seas that surround the island have been used to test prototype lifeboats.

The derivation of the modern name is straightforward, the Old Norse name meaning "Bjorn's island" becoming Beàrnaraigh in Gaelic and then "Berneray" as an angilicisation. However, as is often the case with Hebridean island names, there are a number of additional complications. There are two fuller Gaelic names - Beàrnaraigh Cheann Bharraigh and Beàrnaraigh an Easbaig meaning "Berneray of Barra Head" and "Berneray of the Bishop" respectively. The former refers to Barra Head the southernmost promontory of the island and the latter name is a reference to the "Bishop's Isles" an alternative name for the "Barra Isles", of which archipelago Berneray is a member. "Barra Head" alone is an English language alternative to Berneray for the island name.

Berneray lies to the west of the Sea of the Hebrides and south of Mingulay across the Sound of Berneray, which has a strong tidal stream. The wedge-shaped island is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long and 1.3 kilometres (0.8 mi) wide. The topography lacks variety, there being no valley or bays and the few streams are very small. Most of the island consists of gneiss, although the lighthouse was constructed of rock from a small granite quarry.