Benoni Defense
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| Moves | 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ECO | A43–A44 A56–A79 |
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| Origin | German manuscript entitled Benoni by Aaron Reinganum (1825) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Named after | Hebrew: "son of sorrow" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | Indian Defense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Benoni Defense is a chess opening characterized by the moves:
Black can then sacrifice a pawn by 3...b5 (the Benko Gambit), but if Black does not elect this line then 3...e6 is the most common move (though 3...d6 or 3...g6 are also seen, typically leading to main lines).
“Ben oni” (בֶּן אוֹנִי) is a Hebrew term meaning “son of my sorrow” (cf. Genesis 35:18) – the name of an 1825 book by Aaron Reinganum about several defenses against the King's Gambit and the Queen's Gambit.
The Old Benoni starts with 1.d4 c5. The Old Benoni may transpose to the Czech Benoni, but there are a few independent variations. This form has never attracted serious interest in high-level play, though Alexander Alekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubow with it in one game of their second match, in 1934. The Old Benoni is sometimes called the Blackburne Defense, after Englishman Joseph Henry Blackburne, the first player known to have used it successfully.
In the Czech Benoni, also sometimes known as the Hromadka Benoni, after Karel Hromádka, Black plays 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e5. The Czech Benoni is much more solid than the Modern Benoni, but it is also more passive. The middlegames arising from this line are characterised by much manoeuvring; in most lines, Black will look to break with b7–b5 or f7–f5 after due preparation, while White may play Nc3–e4–h3–Bd3–Nf3–g4, in order to gain space on the kingside and prevent ...f5 by Black.
The Modern Benoni, 1. 2. 3. , is the most common form of Benoni apart from the Benko Gambit. Black's intention is to play ...exd5 and create a queenside pawn majority, whose advance will be supported by fianchettoed bishop on g7. The combination of these two features differentiates Black's setup from the other Benoni defenses and the King's Indian Defense, although transpositions between these openings are common. The Modern Benoni is classified under the ECO codes A60–A79.
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