Battle of Rovine

Date	17 May 1395
Location	Rovine, Wallachia
Result	Wallachian tactical victory

Belligerents

Wallachia

Ottoman Empire

Commanders and leaders

Mircea cel Bătrân

Sultan Bayezid I
Marko Mrnjavčević †
Konstantin Dejanović †
Stefan Lazarević
Konstantin Balšić

Casualties and losses

Heavy

The Battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395. The Wallachian army led by Voivod Mircea cel Bătrân (Mircea the Elder) opposed the Ottoman invasion personally led by Sultan Bayezid I the Lightning. The Turkish force heavily outnumbered the Wallachian troops. The legend says that on the eve of the battle, dressed as a peace emissary, Mircea cel Bătrân talked to Bayezid asking him to leave Wallachia and promising him safe passage back. The Sultan proudly insisted on fighting.

The battle took place probably near the Argeș River, however the certain location is disputed. The Wallachian victory is confirmed by numerous sources and historians.

During the battle a key tactical role was played by the Wallachian archers who annihilated the Ottoman ranks during their initial attack. Bayazid's vassals, the Serbian lords Stefan Lazarević and Marko Mrnjavčević, some of the mightiest knights of the time, participated and fought bravely; Stefan showed great courage, Marko was killed in action.

An alternative historical view is that the dramatic confrontation lasted not just a single day, but an entire week, being in the first stage a war of positions. The fierce battle ended with extremely heavy casualties for both sides, eventually each army withdrawing from the battlefield. Although Wallachians pushed back the enemy, the Ottomans were able to better defend their new backward position relying on the personal guard of the Sultan composed of janissaries. This was the inexpugnable point of the Ottoman defense, applied justly the next year, in the famous Battle of Nicopolis. This tactical innovation became a fundamental element of the Ottoman war strategies until the 18th century. The army of Mircea, sustaining heavy casualties, and in the impossibility to break the defense of the Sultan's camp, was finally obliged to withdraw. Because the Ottoman Empire was not able to conquer Wallachia at this point, Rovine remains one of the most important battles in the Romanian history.

An epic description of the memorable confrontation is presented in the poem "Scrisoarea a III-a" (The Third Letter) written by the Romanian national poet, Mihai Eminescu. The Dečani chronicle describes the battle and explains that Prince Marko and Constantine Dragaš died fighting. The same source mentions that Marko's brother, Andreja Mrnjavčević, also perished during the fight.

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Wikipedia