Barbara Watson Andaya (born 7 June 1943) is an Australian historian and author who studies Indonesia and Maritime Southeast Asia. She has also done extensive research on women's history in Southeast Asia, and of late, on the localization of Christianity in the region. She teaches courses in Asian Studies as a full professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and is director of the University's Center for Southeast Asian Studies. She was President of the American Association for Asian Studies from 2005 to 2006.
Born on 7 June 1943, she received her B.A. and Dip.Ed. from the University of Sydney. In 1966 she received an East-West Center grant to study for her M.A. in history at the University of Hawaii. Subsequently, she went on to complete her Ph.D. in Southeast Asian history at Cornell University. She is married to Leonard Andaya, a historian and scholar of similar topics at the same university. Awarded a Guggenheim Award in 2000, it resulted in The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Southeast Asian History, 1500-1800 (a Choice Academic Book of the Year in 2007).