BB84

BB84is a quantum key distribution scheme developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. It is the first quantum cryptography . The protocol is provably secure, relying on the quantum property that information gain is only possible at the expense of disturbing the signal if the two states one is trying to distinguish are not orthogonal (see no-cloning theorem). It is usually explained as a method of securely communicating a private key from one party to another for use in one-time pad encryption.

In the BB84 scheme, Alice wishes to send a private key to Bob. She begins with two strings of bits, ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$, each ${\displaystyle n}$ bits long. She then encodes these two strings as a string of ${\displaystyle n}$ qubits:

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