Mathurin Auguste Balthasar Barbereau (born 14 November 1799 in Paris – 14 July 1879 ibid) was a French composer and music theorist. He entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1810 and was awarded numerous times. He was awarded with the Prix de Rome in 1824 for his cantata Agnes Sorel, with text by Pierre-Ange Vieillard, publishing it shortly thereafter. He conducted many orchestras in several theaters, especially the Teatre Italià between 1836-38.
Many times he replaced Anton Reicha, who had been his teacher in the class of composition of the Conservatory. Among his disciples are Ambroise Thomas and Ernest Guiraud. He wrote the score of the opera Les Sybarites de Florence, and took part in a variety of symphonies and concert works, but the real contribution of Barbereau is his theoretical work, among them his Traité d'harmonie Theoretical et pratique (1843-1845), considered the most important scientific work published hitherto on this subject. After this work he published a curious Etude sur l'origine du système musical (Paris, 1852), which gave rise to great controversy. Auguste Barbereau died suddenly in an omnibus in Paris, after he had been teaching at the Conservatory.