Antoine Vacher
| Antoine Vacher | |
|---|---|
| Born |
18 November 1873 Montluçon, Allier, France |
| Died | 16 September 1920 (aged 46) Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Geographer |
Antoine Vacher (18 November 1873 – 16 September 1920) was a French geographer, mainly interested in physical geography, and particularly in hydrography.
Antoine Vacher was the brilliant son of a family of tailors from Montluçon, Allier. His paternal grandfather was a farmer in the Allier, while his maternal grandfather was a craftsman. His father experienced serious financial difficulties and had to go into debt to save his small business. Antoine Vacher was an honorary scholar at the Lycée de Lyon (1880), and a scholar at the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris (1891). He studied at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS). While at the ENS he had to work in various casual jobs during the summer holidays to help repay the family loans. He was a student of Paul Vidal de La Blache, but in his doctorate wrote almost exclusively about physical geography, and ignored human geography. Vacher's fieldwork was mostly concerned with valley forms and measurements of river flows, but he also read widely on oceanography, and wrote on that subject in the Annales de Géographie.
In October 1905 he became a lecturer at the University of Rennes, replacing Emmanuel de Martonne, who had moved to the University of Lyon. De Martonne had founded the institute of geography on the German model. Vacher collaborated with Albert Demangeon, Joseph Blayac and others on the Dictionnaire-manuel illustré de géographie (Paris, Armand Colin, 1907). Vacher was an undisciplined scholar who missed deadlines and whose work often contains errors. The book received hostile reviews, and Demangeon seems to have accused Vacher of sabotaging the project. He later became a Docteur-ès-lettres in 1908. After Demangeon left (in 1911) he was the sole teacher, although not yet a professor.
Vacher was replaced by Henri Baulig when he left Rennes in 1912. He then taught at the University of Lille until the outbreak of World War I (1914–18). In 1912 Vacher was among 43 European geographers, guests of the American Geographical Society, who arrived in New York around 12 August 1912 for a transcontinental excursion. The geographers travelled west via Chicago and Yellowstone to Seattle, south to San Franscico, then returned via Phoenix, Denver, Memphis and Washington, leaving from New York in October 1912. Vacher focused on "Steppes and deserts" in his report of the excursion. He was impressed by the way in which the Mormons had transformed Utah through water control and irrigation schemes. He wrote of the area around Phoenix, Arizona, that the "predominance of evaporation over precipitation, all serve to constrain the area assigned by nature to human activity, but none is capable of destroying human effort, especially when this is courageous and methodical. The example of Phoenix is the proof; it is also proof of the good work that the Reclamation Service has undertaken in the arid West."
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