Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
| Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier | |
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Line engraving by Louis Jean Desire Delaistre, after a design by Julien Leopold Boilly
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| Born |
26 August 1743 Paris, France |
| Died | 8 May 1794 (aged 50) Paris, France Execution by guillotine |
| Resting place | Picpus Cemetery |
| Fields | biologist, chemist |
| Alma mater | Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris |
| Notable students | Éleuthère Irénée du Pont |
| Known for |
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| Influences | Guillaume-François Rouelle, Étienne Condillac |
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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; French pronunciation: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794;) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".
It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry largely stem from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon (1787) and was also the first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound. He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.
Lavoisier was a powerful member of a number of councils, and an administrator of the Ferme générale. The Ferme générale was one of the most hated components of the Ancien Régime because of the profits it took at the expense of the state, the secrecy of the terms of its contracts, and the violence of its armed agents. All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was accused by Jean-Paul Marat of selling adulterated tobaccoand of other crimes, and was eventually guillotined a year after Marat's death.
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