Anderson impurity model

The Anderson impurity model is a Hamiltonian that is used to describe magnetic impurities embedded in metallic hosts. It is often applied to the description of Kondo-type of problems, such as heavy fermion systems and Kondo insulators. In its simplest form, the model contains a term describing the kinetic energy of the conduction electrons, a two-level term with an on-site Coulomb repulsion that models the impurity energy levels, and a hybridization term that couples conduction and impurity orbitals. For a single impurity, the Hamiltonian takes the form

${\displaystyle H=\sum _{\sigma }\epsilon _{f}f_{\sigma }^{\dagger }f_{\sigma }+\sum _{\langle j,j^{\prime }\rangle \sigma }t_{jj'}c_{j\sigma }^{\dagger }c_{j'\sigma }+\sum _{j,\sigma }(V_{j}f_{\sigma }^{\dagger }c_{j\sigma }+V_{j}^{*}c_{j\sigma }^{\dagger }f_{\sigma })+Uf_{\uparrow }^{\dagger }f_{\uparrow }f_{\downarrow }^{\dagger }f_{\downarrow }}$,

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