Ancient Greek nouns

In Ancient Greek, all nouns are classified according to grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) and are used in a number (singular, dual, or plural). According to their function in a sentence, their form changes to one of the five cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, or dative). The set of forms that a noun will take for each case and number is determined by the declension that it follows.

The five cases of Ancient Greek each have different functions.

The Ancient Greek nominative, like the Proto-Indo-European nominative, is used for the subject and for things describing the subject (predicate nouns or adjectives):

The vocative is used for addressing people or things. It is frequently the same as the nominative in the singular and always the same in the plural.

The accusative is used for the object of a verb, and also after prepositions. After prepositions it is often used for the destination of motion:

The Ancient Greek genitive can often be translated with the preposition "of" or the English possessive case:

It is also used after prepositions, especially those which mean "from":

The Ancient Greek dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European dative, instrumental, or locative. When it corresponds to the dative, it expresses the person or thing that is indirectly affected by an action, and can often be translated with the prepositions "to" or "for":

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