Alexander B. Goncharov (born April 7, 1960) is a Russian American mathematician and professor at Yale University. He won the EMS Prize in 1992.
Goncharov won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1976. He attained his doctorate at Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1987, under supervision of Israel Gelfand with thesis Generalized conformal structures on manifolds. Goncharov was an Invited Speaker at the 1994 International Congress of Mathematicians and gave a talk Polylogarithms in arithmetic and geometry.