The 2009–10 season is Oldham Athletic's 11th season in the third tier of the English football league system, and their 114th overall. The first-team squad will by led by manager Dave Penney in his first season with the club, following the departure of former manager John Sheridan in the previous season.

The 2009–10 League One fixtures were released on 17 June 2009, with Oldham Athletic opening their league campaign versus local rivals on 8 August 2009. In Dave Penney's first competitive game in charge of the club, Oldham were held a scoreless draw against Stockport County. Despite having numerous shots, Owain Fôn Williams kept the Latics out of goal to keep the two teams level at 0–0 for the full 90 minutes.

On 16 June 2009, the draws for the first round of the 2009–10 League Cup was drawn. Oldham Athletic was drawn against fellow League One club Carlisle United. Throughout the game, both teams remained scoreless until an 89th-minute winner was scored by Scott Dobie. The goal allowed Carlisle to advance with a 1–0 victory, as Oldham were eliminated in the first round of the Cup.

On 15 August 2009, the First Round draw for the Johnstone's Paint Trophy 2009–10 was made on Soccer AM, where Oldham was drawn against League Two club Accrington Stanley. The Latics held a 1–0 lead at the halftime interval after Danny Whitaker grabbed a goal in the 10th minute, though Accrington Stanley came back on level terms in the 60th minute due to an own goal by Oldham defender Sean Gregan. Phil Edwards scored the winning goal seven minutes later following a free kick, giving Accrington a 2–1 victory and knocking Oldham out of the competition in the First Round.

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