The 124th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 23, 1901, during the first year of Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.'s governorship, in Albany.

Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.

At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the Social Democratic Party also nominated tickets.

The New York state election, 1900, was held on November 6. Gov. Theodore Roosevelt was elected U.S. Vice President. Benjamin B. Odell, Jr. was elected Governor; and Lt. Gov. Timothy L. Woodruff was re-elected; both Republicans. The other five statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 805,000; Democrats 694,000; Prohibition 23,000; Socialist Labor 14,000; and Social Democrats 13,000.

The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1901, and adjourned on April 23.

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