Mutatis mutandis

Mutatis mutandis is a Medieval Latin phrase meaning "the necessary changes having been made" or "once the necessary changes have been made". It remains unnaturalized and is therefore usually italicized. It is used in English and other European languages to acknowledge that a comparison being made requires certain obvious alterations, which are left unstated. It is not to be confused with the similar ceteris paribus, which excludes any changes other than those explicitly mentioned. Mutatis mutandis is increasingly replaced by non-Latin equivalents, but is still used in law, economics, mathematics, linguistics, and philosophy. In particular, in logic, it is encountered when discussing counterfactuals, as a shorthand for all the initial and derived changes which have been previously discussed.

The phrase —now sometimes written mūtātīs mūtandīs to show vowel length—does not appear in surviving classical literature. It is Medieval Latin, first attested in British sources in the year 1272.

Both words are participles of the Latin verb ("to move; to change; to exchange"). is its perfect passive participle ("changed; having been changed"). is its gerundive, which functions both as a future passive participle ("to be changed; going to be changed") and as a verbal adjective or noun expressing necessity ("needing to be changed; things needing to be changed"). The phrase is an ablative absolute, using the ablative case to show that the clause is a necessary condition for the rest of the sentence.

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