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Internal resistance to apartheid

Internal resistance to apartheid
Mandela burn pass 1960.jpg
Nelson Mandela burns his passbook in 1960 as part of a civil disobedience campaign.
Date 17 December 1950 – 27 April 1994
(43 years, 4 months, 1 week and 3 days)
Location South Africa, South-West Africa
Result

Military stalemate between MK and South African security forces
Bilateral negotiations to end apartheid

Territorial
changes
Integration of the bantustans, change of provincial borders in South Africa.
Belligerents
MK (ANC)
PLAN (SWAPO)
AZAPO
APLA (PAC)
UDF (passive resistance only)

South Africa Union of South Africa (1948-1961)
South Africa Republic of South Africa (1961-1994)

Commanders and leaders
Oliver Tambo
Nelson Mandela
Winnie Mandela
Joe Slovo
Joe Modise
Moses Mabhida
Lennox Lagu
Potlako Leballo
John Nyathi Pokela
South Africa H.F. Verwoerd
South Africa B. J. Vorster
South Africa P.W. Botha
South Africa F.W. de Klerk
South Africa Hendrik van den Bergh
South Africa Dirk Coetzee
South Africa Eugene de Kock
Casualties and losses
21,000 dead as a result of political violence (1948-94)

Military stalemate between MK and South African security forces
Bilateral negotiations to end apartheid

South Africa Union of South Africa (1948-1961)
South Africa Republic of South Africa (1961-1994)

Internal resistance to apartheid in South Africa originated from several independent sectors of society and alternatively took the form of social movements, passive resistance, or guerrilla warfare. Mass action against the ruling National Party government, coupled with South Africa's growing international isolation and economic sanctions, were instrumental factors in ending racial segregation and discrimination. Both black and white South African activists such as Steve Biko, Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mandela, Harry Schwarz, and Joe Slovo were involved with various anti-apartheid causes. By the 1980s, there was continuous interplay between violent and non-violent action, and this interplay was a notable feature of resistance against apartheid from 1983 until South Africa's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise in 1994.


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