Thomas H. Anderson (June 6, 1848 – October 1, 1916) was a United States federal judge.
Anderson was born in Belmont County, Ohio, and attended Mount Union College. He was a high school principal, Cambridge, Ohio in 1871. He was in private practice of law in Cambridge, Ohio from 1871 to 1889. He was a U.S. Minister to Bolivia from 1889 to 1893. He was in private practice of law in Washington, DC from 1893 to 1899. He was a U.S. Attorney for the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia) from 1899 to 1901.
Anderson was a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Anderson received a recess appointment from William McKinley on April 23, 1901, to a seat vacated by Charles C. Cole. nominated on December 5, 1901; He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 4, 1902, and received his commission on February 6, 1902. Anderson's service was terminated on October 1, 1916, due to his death.