Mongol invasions of Europe

Mongol invasion of Europe
Part of Mongol invasions and conquests
The route of the first Mongol expedition in Russia – 1223
Date a) 1236–1240 b) late 1240–1241 c) 1241 d) 1241-1242 e) 1241 f) 1242 g) 1242 Location Eastern and Central Europe a) Modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus b) Parts of Southern and Eastern Poland c) Czech lands d) Medieval Hungary e) Kingdom of Croatia f) Southern Austria g) Bulgaria Result a) Decisive Mongol victory resulting in principalities of Kievan State becoming vassals of the Mongol Golden Horde. b) Decisive Mongol victory, Poland heavily raided. c) Czech victory, Mongol raided parts of Moravia and Silesia but was repulsed in Bohemia. d) Decisive Mongol victory, Hungary devastated; parts integrated into the Mongol Empire. e) Croatian victory, Mongols pillage much of Croatia but fail to subjugate it due to stiff resistance. f) Austrian victory, Mongol raids repulsed. g) Mongol victory, Bulgaria becomes vassal of the Golden Horde. Territorial changes a) Kievan Rus' principalities added to the Mongol Empire. b) Kingdom of Poland subject to Mongol raids. d) Parts of Kingdom of Hungary controlled by Mongol Empire.
Belligerents
Golden Horde (Mongol Empire)	a) Kievan Rus' principalities: Kiev Chernigov Vladimir-Suzdal Galicia-Volhynia Novgorod Republic Principality of Ryazan Volga Bulgaria Alans Cuman-Kipchak confederation Circassians North Caucasian peoples b) Polish duchies: Silesia Masovia Lesser Poland Greater Poland Opole c) Kingdom of Bohemia Moravian Magraviate d) Kingdom of Hungary  Knights Templar e) Kingdom of Croatia f) Duchy of Austria g) Bulgarian Empire
Commanders and leaders
a) Batu Khan Möngke Khan Subutai Jebe Burundai Berke Orda Güyük Khan b) Baidar (possibly  †) Kadan Orda Khan c) Batu Khan Subutai Shiban Berke Burundai d) Batu Khan Kadan	a) Prince Mstislav Mstislavich Prince Yuri II of Vladimir † Prince Mstislav III (POW) Prince Mstislav II Khan Köten Prince Daniel of Galicia b) Duke Henry II † c) King Wenceslaus I Margrave Děpolt III d) King Béla IV Duke Coloman (DOW) Archbishop Ugrin Csák  † Archbishop Matthias Rátót † Palatine Denis Tomaj  † e) King Béla IV f) Duke Frederick II g) Tsar Ivan Asen II
Strength
a) 75,000+ cavalry including Turkic auxiliaries b) 10,000 cavalry (one tumen) d) 30,000 cavalry (contemporary sources) other estimates: 70,000 25,000	a) 25,000-50,000 including garrisons and Cumans b) ~10,000 soldiers (2,000-8,000 at Legnica) d) 10,000-15,000 soldiers (contemporary sources) other estimates: 80,000 25,000
Casualties and losses
a) More than 7,000 b) Minimal d) Few thousand soldiers killed f) 300-700 soldiers killed	a) 500,000 civilians thousands of soldiers b) Heavy d) 10,000-20,000 soldiers killed 300,000-500,000 civilians f) 100 soldiers killed

The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir. The Mongol invasions also occurred in Central Europe, which led to warfare among fragmented Poland, such as the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241) and in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) in the Kingdom of Hungary.

The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. c. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan; their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.

Ögedei Khan ordered Batu Khan to conquer Rus' in 1235. The main force, headed by Jochi's sons, and their cousins, Möngke Khan and Güyük Khan, arrived at Ryazan in December 1237. Ryazan refused to surrender, and the Mongols sacked it and then stormed Suzdalia. Many Rus' armies were defeated; Grand Prince Yuri was killed on the Sit River (March 4, 1238). Major cities such as Vladimir, Torzhok, and Kozelsk were captured.

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