Restoration (Spain)
| Kingdom of Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reino de España | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Motto Plus Ultra "Further Beyond" |
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Anthem Marcha Real "Royal March" |
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 The Kingdom of Spain and its colonies in 1898.
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| Capital | Madrid | |||||||||||||||||||
| Languages | Spanish | |||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic | |||||||||||||||||||
| Government |
Constitutional monarchy (1923-1930) |
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| King | ||||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1874–1885 | Alfonso XII | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1886–1931 | Alfonso XIII | ||||||||||||||||||
| Regent | ||||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1885–1902 | Maria Christina | ||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | ||||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1874–1875 | Antonio Cánovas (first) | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1931 | Juan B. Aznar (last) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Cortes Generales | |||||||||||||||||||
| • | Upper house | Senate | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Lower house | Congress of Deputies | ||||||||||||||||||
| History | ||||||||||||||||||||
| • | Pronunciamiento | 29 December 1874 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Constitution adopted | 30 June 1876 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Spanish–American War | 25 Apr–12 Aug 1898 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Melilla War | 1909–1910 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Pact of San Sebastián | 17 August 1930 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Republic proclaimed | 14 April 1931 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Spanish peseta | |||||||||||||||||||
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The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración), or Bourbon Restoration (Restauración borbónica), is the name given to the period that began on 29 December 1874 — after a coup d'état by Martínez-Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII — and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
After almost a whole century of political instability and many civil wars, the aim of the Restoration was to create a new political system, which ensured stability by the practice of turnismo. This was the deliberate rotation of the Liberal and Conservative parties in the government, so no sector of the bourgeoisie felt isolated, while all other parties were excluded from the system. This was achieved by electoral fraud. Opposition to the system came from republicans, socialists, anarchists, Basque and Catalan nationalists, and Carlists.
The pronunciamiento by Martinez Campos established Alfonso XII as king, marking the end of the First Spanish Republic. After this, the Constitution of 1876 was written and enforced during the whole restoration. This constitution established Spain as a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature (Cortes Generales), consisting of an upper house (Senate), and a lower house (Congress of Deputies). This constitution gave the King the power to name Senators and to revoke laws if he wanted to, and he was also given the title of Commander-in-chief of the army.
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Wikipedia