Malaise era

Malaise Era refers to the period of American-made vehicles in model years 1973 to 1983, when changing government regulations and customer preferences initiated a focus on fuel efficiency and emissions controls. American automakers had a hard time competing with the smaller, more efficient import cars.

This time corresponds with significantly increased oversight of the automotive industry by the US Department of Transportation in response to the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis. The resulting vehicles were significantly less powerful and slower due to new emissions restrictions being applied to older, heavier vehicle designs which also often included aggressively detuning the existing large engine designs to meet regulations and deliver desired efficiency.

Before the 1973 oil crisis, the most popular cars were large, heavy, and powerful. In 1971, the standard motor for a very common model of car (the Chevrolet Caprice) was a 400-cubic inch (6.5 liter) V8, which achieved no more than 15 highway miles per gallon, and even less with any of the other optional, more powerful engines...

With skyrocketing oil and gas prices (the price of oil in the US had more than quadrupled) due to the OPEC oil embargo in late 1973, the much smaller, far more efficient Japanese and European cars (which utilized four-cylinder engines, unibody construction, and, most, front-wheel drive) dramatically increased in popularity. American automakers' attempts at compensating were relatively poorly received, as the offered vehicles (including its homegrown compacts e.g. Chevrolet Nova, Ford Maverick and subcompacts (Pinto, Vega)) were still much heavier and less efficient. This included detuning the powertrain to meet emission standards (from the use of EGR valves, smog air pumps, and the early catalytic converter designs with a restrictive catalyst brick (unlike the modern day variant using a monolithic brick). Detuned engines later gained electronic carburetors (used with an early variant of a powertrain control module which pre-dated OBDII) until the advent of electronic fuel injection by the mid-1980s (first with the musclecar survivors and later extended to full and mid-size automobiles). Additionally, import automakers introduced North America only models that were somewhat larger (though not as large as most American brand models) to appeal to existing preferences - the larger sized imports (usually Asian marques especially the Japanese makes where the larger sized car was subjected to higher vehicle taxation in its own home market - usually a car model which is designed for the North American (USA/Canada) market e.g. a USDM Honda Accord or Nissan Altima) were considered acceptable by North American consumers when mass-market Asian automakers established their transplant assembly plants in the United States, Canada, and Mexico once the 1981 Voluntary Export Restraints was passed by the U.S. Congress.

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