Kingdom of Scotland

Kingdom of Scotland
Rìoghachd na h-Alba  (Scottish Gaelic) Kinrick o Scotland  (Scots)
9th century–1707 1654–60: Commonwealth
Flag Royal coat of arms
Motto "In My Defens God Me Defend" (Scots) "In my defence God me defend"
Location of  Scotland in 1190 CE.  (green) in Europe  (green & grey)
Capital		Edinburgh (after c.1452)
Languages		Middle Irish (until 12th century) Scottish Gaelic (from 12th century) Cumbric (1093–12th century) English(950–1707) Scots(from 13th century) French Norn (from 1471) Medieval Latin(until 15th century)
Religion		Catholicism, Episcopalianism, Presbyterianism
Government		Monarchy
Monarch
•	843–58	Kenneth I (first)
•	1702–07	Anne (last)
Legislature		Parliament
History
•	United	9th century (traditionally 843)
•	Lothian and Strathclyde incorporated	1124 (confirmed Treaty of York 1237)
•	Galloway incorporated	1234/5
•	Hebrides, Isle of Man and Caithness incorporated	1266 (Treaty of Perth)
•	Orkney and Shetland annexed	1472
•	Union of the Crowns	24 March 1603
•	Union with England	1 May 1707
Area
•	1482–1707	78,778 km² (30,416 sq mi)
Population
•	1500 est.	500,000
Density		6.3 /km²  (16.4 /sq mi)
•	1600 est.	800,000
Density		10.2 /km²  (26.3 /sq mi)
•	1700 est.	1,250,000
Density		15.9 /km²  (41.1 /sq mi)
Currency		Pound Scots
Preceded by Succeeded by Dál Riata Cat Ce Fortriu Fib Strathclyde Galloway Northumbria Kingdom of Great Britain
Today part of		United Kingdom  ∟  Scotland
^ The Pictish and Cumbric languages became extinct during the 10th and 11th centuries.French was widely spoken in Scotland at the height of the Auld Alliance.English began to have increased influence in Scotland from the mid-16th century.

in Europe  (green & grey)

The Kingdom of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba; Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joined with the Kingdom of England to form a unified Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a successful war of independence and remained a distinct state in the late Middle Ages. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union. In 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. From the final capture of the Royal Burgh of Berwick by the Kingdom of England in 1482 (following the annexation of the Northern Isles from the Kingdom of Norway in 1472) the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day Scotland, bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest.

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