Ketamine

Ketamine
Clinical data


AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
License data	US FDA: Ketamine
Pregnancy category	AU: B3 US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Addiction liability	Low–moderate
Routes of administration	IV, IM, insufflated, by mouth, intraosseous, intranasal, topical
ATC code	N01AX03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled) CA: Schedule I UK: Class B US: Schedule III UN: Unscheduled
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Liver, primarily by CYP3A4
Onset of action	< 5min (IM, IV), < 30min (by mouth)
Biological half-life	2.5–3 hours
Duration of action	less than one hour
Excretion	Kidney (>90%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name (RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone
CAS Number	6740-88-1^Y
PubChem CID	3821
IUPHAR/BPS	4233
DrugBank	DB01221^Y
ChemSpider	3689^Y
UNII	690G0D6V8H
KEGG	D08098^Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:6121^Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL742^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.027.095
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₃H₁₆ClNO
Molar mass	237.725 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
Chirality	Racemic mixture
Melting point	262 °C (504 °F)
SMILES CNC1(C2=CC=CC=C2Cl)CCCCC1=O
InChI InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3^Y Key:YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y

Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia. It induces a trance-like state while providing pain relief, sedation, and memory loss. Other uses include for chronic pain and for sedation in intensive care. Heart function, breathing, and airway reflexes generally remain functional. Effects typically begin within five minutes when given by injection with the main effects lasting up to 25 minutes.

Common side effects include psychological reactions as the medication wears off. These reactions may include agitation, confusion, or hallucinations. Elevated blood pressure and muscle tremors are relatively common, while low blood pressure and a decrease in breathing are less so.Spasms of the larynx may rarely occur. Ketamine has been classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist; it also acts on opioid receptors and monoamine transporters among others.

Ketamine was discovered in 1962. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.08 and 0.32 USD per dose. Ketamine is also used as a recreational drug.

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