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Kalmar Union

Personal union
1397–1523
Flag Arms of Eric of Pomerania
The Kalmar Union, c. 1400
Capital
Languages Official use: Middle Danish, Old Swedish, Middle Norwegian, Renaissance Latin
Also spoken: Middle Icelandic, Old Faroese, Norn, Greenlandic Norse, Middle Low German, Finnish, Sami, Greenlandic, Karelian
Religion Roman Catholicism
Government Personal union
Regent
 •  1387–1412a Margaret I (first)
 •  1524–33 Frederick I (last)
Legislature Riksråd and Herredag
(one in each kingdom)
Historical era Late Middle Ages
 •  Established 17 June 1397
 •  Engelbrekt rebellion 1434–36
 •  Stockholm Bloodbath November 1520
 •  Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden 6 June 1523
 •  Disestablished 1523
 •  Danish Rigsråd annexes Norway 1536
Currency Mark, Örtug, Penning
Preceded by
Succeeded by
State Banner of Denmark (14th Century).svg Kingdom of Denmark
Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
Blason Norvège.svg Norwegian Empire
Shield of arms of Sweden.svg Kingdom of Sweden
Danish colonial empire
Denmark–Norway
Kingdom of Sweden Sweden-Flag-1562.svg
Today part of
a. Margaret I ruled Denmark 1387–1412, Norway 1388–1389, and Sweden 1389–1412
b. Parts of these countries today, but belonged to the three main countries of the Kalmar Union; Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

The Kalmar Union or Union of Kalmaris (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Kalmarunionen; Latin: Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union that from 1397 to 1523 joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas dependencies (then including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Northern Isles). The Union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally the countries remained separate sovereign states, but with their domestic and foreign policies being directed by a common monarch.

One main impetus for its formation was to block German expansion northward into the Baltic region. The main reason for its failure to survive was the perpetual struggle between the monarch, who wanted a strong unified state, and the Swedish and Danish nobility which did not. Diverging interests (especially the Swedish nobility's dissatisfaction with the dominant role played by Denmark and Holstein) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper the union in several intervals from the 1430s until its definitive breakup in 1523 when Gustav Vasa became king of Sweden.

Norway continued to remain a part of the realm of Denmark–Norway under the Oldenburg dynasty for nearly three centuries until its dissolution in 1814. Then Union between Sweden and Norway lasted until 1905, when a grandson of the incumbent king of Denmark was elected its king, whose direct descendants still reign in Norway.


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Wikipedia

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