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History of the Jews in the Land of Israel

1st-century BCE – 2nd-century CE

64 BCE
Rome conquers Judea and
Jerusalem
40–37
Antigonus the Hasmonean
rules as King of Judea
37
Herod the Great made ruler
of Judea
19
Herod's Temple completed
4 BCE
Tetrarchy of Judea formed
6 CE
Iudaea province formed
20
Tiberias founded
66–73
First Jewish–Roman War

67
Gamla and Jotapata fall
70
Second Temple destroyed,
Council of Jamnia founded
73
Massada falls

115–117
Kitos War
130
Temple of Jupiter built upon
Temple Mount
132
Judea merged into Syria Palaestina
132–136
Bar-Kochba revolt, Ten Martyrs
executed
c. 200
Mishnah completed

Byzantine period

351–352
Jewish revolt against Gallus,
Jewish communities and academies
in disarray
358
Hillel II institutes Hebrew calendar
361–363
Rebuilding of Temple attempted
under Julian
425
Gamliel VI, last Prince of the
Sanhedrin, dies
429
Jewish Patriarchate abolished by
Theodosius II
438
Eudocia allows Jewish prayer
on Temple Mount
450
Redaction of Jerusalem Talmud
614–617
Jews gain autonomy in Jerusalem
under Persian rule
625
Liturgical poet Yanai flourishes

Islamic period

638
Umar allows Jews back
into Jerusalem
691–705
Islamization of the Temple Mount
720
Jews permanently excluded
from ascending Temple Mount
c. 750
Palestinian Gaonate based in
Tiberias
c. 850
Seat of the Gaonate
transferred to Jerusalem
875
Mourners of Zion reside in
Jerusalem
921
Controversy erupts regarding
calendrical calculations of
Aaron ben Meïr
960
Masorete Aaron ben Asher
dies in Tiberias
1071
Gaonate exiled to Tyre

12th to 14th-century

1191
Jews of Ascalon arrive in Jerusalem
1198
Maghreb Jews arrive in Jerusalem
1204
Maimonides buried in Tiberias
1209-1211
Immigration of 300 French and
English rabbis
1217
Judah al-Harizi bemoans state
of the Temple Mount
1260
Yechiel of Paris establishes
talmudical academy in Acre
1266
Jews banned from entering the
Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron
1267
Nachmanides arrives in Jerusalem,
Ramban synagogue established
1286
Meir of Rothenburg incarcerated
after attempting to emigrate
to Mamluk Palestine
1355
Physician and geographer
Ishtori Haparchi dies in Bet She'an

15th-century

1428
Jews attempt to purchase Tomb
of David, Pope prevents ships
carrying Jews to Mamluk Palestine
1434
Elijah of Ferrara settles in Jerusalem
1441
Famine forces Jerusalem Jews to
send emissary to Europe
1455
Failed large scale immigration
attempt from Sicily
1474
Great Synagogue of Jerusalem
demolished by Arab mob
1488
Obadiah ben Abraham begins
revival of Jerusalem
1507
Joseph Saragossi dies in
Safed


The Jewish people have long maintained both physical and religious ties with the land of Israel. Although they had first arrived centuries earlier, and the Jewish Bible claims that a Jewish monarchy existed starting in the 10th century BCE, the first appearance of the name "Israel" in the secular (non-Biblical) historic record is the Egyptian Merneptah Stele, circa 1200 BCE. During the Biblical period, two kingdoms occupied the highland zone, the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (circa 722 BCE), and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE). Upon the defeat of the Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (538 BCE), the Jewish elite returned to Jerusalem, and the Second Temple was built.

In 332 BCE the Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great conquered Israel, starting a long religious struggle that split the Jewish population into traditional (orthodox) and Hellenized components.

In 165 BCE, after the religion-driven Maccabean Revolt, the independent orthodox Hasmonean Kingdom was established. In 64 BCE the Romans conquered Israel, turning it into a Roman province. Although coming under the sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, the area of ancient Israel was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish–Roman wars of 66–136 CE, during which the Romans expelled most of the Jews from the area and replaced it with the Roman province of Palaestina, beginning the Jewish Diaspora. After this time, Jews became a minority in most regions, except Galilee, and the area became increasingly Christian after the 3rd century, though the percentages of Christians and Jews are unknown, the former perhaps coming to predominate in urban areas, the latter remaining in rural areas Jewish settlements declined from over 160 to 50 by the time of the Muslim conquest. Michael Avi-Yonah calculated that Jews constituted 10–15% of Palestine's population by the time of the Persian invasion of 614, while Moshe Gil claims that Jews constituted the majority of the population until the 7th century Muslim conquest (638 CE).


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