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Final War of the Roman Republic

Final War of the Roman Republic
Date Spring of 32 BC – August (Sextilis) 30 BC
The Senate's declaration of war against Cleopatra VII of Egypt to the naming of Octavian as Pharaoh of Egypt
Location Graecia and Aegyptus
Result

Decisive victory for Octavian

  • Rome is united under Octavian's rule
  • Octavian becomes Augustus
  • Roman Republic transforms into the Roman Empire
Territorial
changes
Rome annexes Egypt
Belligerents
Roman Republic (supporters of Octavian) Roman supporters of Mark Antony
Ptolemaic Egypt
Commanders and leaders
Octavian
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Mark Antony 
Cleopatra VII 
Strength
198,000 Roman legionaries
260 Roman warships
193,000 mixed Roman and Egyptian soldiers
300 Roman and Egyptian warships
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
All of Antony’s Roman troops either changed loyalty to Octavian or were taken hostage with most of Antony’s fleet destroyed in battle.

Decisive victory for Octavian

The Final War of the Roman Republic, also known as Antony's Civil War or The War between Antony and Octavian, was the last of the Roman civil wars of the republic, fought between Cleopatra (assisted by Mark Antony) and Octavian. After the Roman Senate declared war on the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Antony, her lover and ally, betrayed the Roman government and joined the war on Cleopatra’s side. After the decisive victory for Octavian at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra and Antony withdrew to Alexandria, where Octavian besieged the city until both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

Following the end of the war, Octavian brought peace to the Roman state that had been plagued by a century of civil wars. Octavian became the most powerful man in the Roman world and the Senate bestowed upon him the name of Augustus in 27 BC. Octavian, now Augustus, would be the first Roman Emperor and would transform the oligarchic/democratic Republic into the Roman Empire.

The last Republican Civil War would mark the beginning of the Pax Romana, which remains the longest period of peace and stability that Europe has seen in recorded history.

The Caesarians Octavian (Caesar's principal, though not sole, heir), Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus under the Second Triumvirate had stepped in to fill the power vacuum caused by Julius Caesar's assassination. After the Triumvirate had defeated Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC) and Lepidus was expelled from the Triumvirate (36 BC), Octavian and Antony were left as the two most powerful men in the Roman world. Octavian took control of the west, including Hispania, Gaul, Italia, and Africa. Antony received control of the east, including Graecia, Asia, Syria and Aegyptus.


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