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Duchy of Milan

Duchy of Milan
Ducato di Milano
Ducatus Mediolani
State of the Holy Roman Empire
1395–1447
1450–1796


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The Duchy of Milan, in the year of 1494
Capital Milan
Languages Lombard, Italian
Religion Roman Catholicism
Government Principality
Duke
 •  1395–1402 Gian Galeazzo Visconti
 •  1402–1412 Gian Maria Visconti
 •  1412–1447 Filippo Maria Visconti
 •  1450–1466 Francesco I Sforza
 •  1466–1476 Galeazzo Maria Sforza
 •  1476–1479 Gian Galeazzo
 •  1479–1500 Ludovico Maria
 •  1512–1515 and 1525–1526 Maximilian
 •  1521–1524, 1525–1535 Francesco II Maria
Historical era Early Modern
 •  Imperial diploma of Wenceslau of Bohemia May 1, 1395
 •  Ambrosian Republic 1447–1450
 •  French Occupation 1499–1512, 1515–1522 and 1524–1525
 •  Spanish Occupation 1526-1529
 •  Spanish rule 1535–1706
 •  Austrian rule 1706–1796
 •  Annexation to the Transpadane Republic November 15, 1796
Currency Milanese scudo, lira and soldo
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Commune of Milan
Golden Ambrosian Republic
Golden Ambrosian Republic
Transpadane Republic
Today part of Italy Italy
Switzerland Switzerland


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The Duchy of Milan was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy. It was created in 1395, when it included twenty-six towns and the wide rural area of the middle Padan Plain east of the hills of Montferrat. During much of its existence, it was wedged between Savoy to the west, Venice to the east, the Swiss Confederacy to the north, and separated from the Mediterranean by Genoa to the south. The Duchy eventually fell to Habsburg Austria with the Treaty of Baden (1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession. The Duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.

After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other states which he had destroyed, but not the Duchy of Milan. Instead, its former territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, with the Emperor of Austria as its king. In 1859, Lombardy was ceded to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, which would become the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.


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