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Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
蔣介石
Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg
Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China
In office
October 10, 1928 – December 15, 1931
Premier Tan Yankai
Soong Tse-ven
Preceded by Gu Weijun (Acting)
Succeeded by Lin Sen
In office
August 1, 1943 – May 20, 1948
Acting until October 10, 1943
Premier Soong Tse-ven
Preceded by Lin Sen
Succeeded by Himself (as President of the Republic of China)
Chairman of the National Military Council
In office
December 15, 1931 – May 31, 1946
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Position abolished
President of the Republic of China
In office
May 20, 1948 – January 21, 1949
Premier Chang Chun
Wong Wen-hao
Sun Fo
Vice President Li Zongren
Preceded by Himself (as Chairman of the National Government of China)
Succeeded by Li Zongren (Acting)
In office
March 1, 1950 – April 5, 1975
Premier Yen Hsi-shan
Chen Cheng
Yu Hung-Chun
Chen Cheng
Yen Chia-kan
Chiang Ching-kuo
Vice President Li Zongren
Chen Cheng
Yen Chia-kan
Preceded by Li Zongren (Acting)
Succeeded by Yen Chia-kan
Premier of the Republic of China
In office
December 4, 1930 – December 15, 1931
Preceded by Soong Tse-ven
Succeeded by Chen Mingshu
In office
December 9, 1935 – January 1, 1938
President Lin Sen
Preceded by Wang Jingwei
Succeeded by Hsiang-hsi Kung
In office
November 20, 1939 – May 31, 1945
President Lin Sen
Preceded by Hsiang-hsi Kung
Succeeded by Soong Tse-ven
In office
March 1, 1947 – April 18, 1947
Preceded by Soong Tse-ven
Succeeded by Chang Chun
1st, 3rd Director-General of the Kuomintang
In office
March 29, 1938 – April 5, 1975
Preceded by Hu Hanmin
Succeeded by Chiang Ching-kuo (as Chairman of the Kuomintang)
Personal details
Born (1887-10-31)October 31, 1887
Fenghua, Zhejiang, China
Died April 5, 1975(1975-04-05) (aged 87)
Taipei, Taiwan
Resting place Cihu Mausoleum, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Nationality Chinese
Political party Kuomintang
Spouse(s) Mao Fumei
Yao Yecheng
Chen Jieru
Soong Mei-ling
Children Chiang Ching-kuo
Chiang Wei-kuo (adopted)
Alma mater Baoding Military Academy, Imperial Japanese Army Academy Preparatory School
Occupation Politician, soldier (General officer)
Religion Methodism
Awards Order of National Glory, Order of Blue Sky and White Sun, 1st class Order of the Sacred Tripod, Legion of Merit
Signature
Military service
Nickname(s) "Generalissimo"or "Red General"
Allegiance Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg Kuomintang
 Republic of China
Service/branch Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Republic of China Army
Years of service 1911–1975
Rank Generalissimo
General Special Class rank insignia (ROC).jpg General Special Class
Battles/wars Xinhai Revolution, Northern Expedition, Sino-Tibetan War, Kumul Rebellion, Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang, Chinese Civil War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese characters).svg
"Chiang Kai-shek" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
register name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
milk name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
school name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
adopted name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese

Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975), also romanized as Jiang Jieshi and known as Jiang Zhongzheng, was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT, following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.

From 1928 to 1948, he served as chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China (ROC). Chiang Kai-shek was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement, and rejecting both western democracy and Sun's nationalist democratic socialism in favour of an authoritarian government. Unable to maintain Sun's good relations with the Communists, he purged them in a massacre at Shanghai and repression of uprisings at Guangzhou and elsewhere.

At the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later became the Chinese theater of World War II, Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang and obliged him to establish a Second United Front with the Communists. After the defeat of the Japanese, the American-sponsored Marshall Mission, an attempt to negotiate a coalition government, failed in 1946. The Chinese Civil War resumed, with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) defeating the Nationalists and declaring the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted people critical of his rule in a period known as the "White Terror". After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled Taiwan securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975.


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